Metallurgical Engineering

Metallurgical Engineering

Investigation on Macrostructure and Hardness of Cu Tubes Processed by Tubular Cyclic Extrusion-Compression

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Alireza Ahmadi 1
Bahman Mirzakhani 2
Yousef Payandeh 3
1 MSc Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
2 Associated professor, department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
3 Assistant professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
10.22076/me.2023.1999760.1379
Abstract
Pure copper pipes have various applications in industries. It is necessary to improve their mechanical properties. The main strengthening mechanism in this case is severe plastic deformation in order to achieve ultrafine-grain microstructure. In this research, the deformation method of tube cyclic extrusion-compression (TCEC) was used. The design of punch and mould was performed by Solidwork and Mo40 steel was used for manufacture of both mould and punch. Then, the pure copper tube at ambient temperature and 750 °C deformed in one pass. Investigation of microstructural evaluation and hardness measurement on the cross-sectional surface and side surface of the pipe showed that in the case of cold TCECed pipe, the microstructure of the cross-section is slightly fine-grain and compared to the raw sample, a substantial hardness improvement (60%) was achieved. In the microstructure, orientation of grains and material flow were also observed in the direction of extrusion. In the hot SPD treatment, the cross-sectional area of ​​the sample significantly was fine-grained and the hardness of this part increased considerably by about 93% compared to the raw sample.
Keywords
Pure copper
severe plastic deformation
Tube Cyclic Extrusion-Compression (TCEC)
Grain
Hardnes
  1. K.S. Kumar, H. Van Swygenhoven, S. Suresh Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals and alloys, Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 5743–5774.
  2. A.J. Detor, C.A. Schuh, Tailoring and patterning the grain size of nanocrystalline alloys, Acta Mater. 55 (2007) 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2006.08.032.
  3. A. Inoue, A. Takeuchi, Recent progress in bulk glassy, nanoquasicrystalline and nanocrystalline alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 375–377 (2004) 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEA.2003.10.159.
  4. A. Babaei, M. Mosavi Mashadi, H. Jafarzadeh, Tube Cyclic Extrusion-Compression (TCEC) as a novel severe plastic deformation method for cylindrical tubes, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 598 (2014) 1–6.
  5. S.S. Jamali, G. Faraji, K. Abrinia, Hydrostatic radial forward tube extrusion as a new plastic deformation method for producing seamless tubes, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 88 (2017) 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8754-6.
  6. N. Mathew, I. Dinaharan, S.J. Vijay, N. Murugan, Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization of Aluminum Seamless Tubes Produced by Friction Stir Back Extrusion, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 69 (2016) 1811–1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12666-016-0841-8/METRICS.
  7. S.S. Jamali, G. Faraji, K. Abrinia, Evaluation of mechanical and metallurgical properties of AZ91 seamless tubes produced by radial-forward extrusion method, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 666 (2016) 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEA.2016.04.048.

8.M. Mahmoodian, Introduction, Reliab. Maintainab. In-Service Pipelines. (2018)    1–48.

  1. G. Faraji, H.S. Kim, Review of principles and methods of severe plastic deformation for producing ultrafine-grained tubes, Mater. Sci. Tech. 33 (2017) 905-923.

Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1215064. 33 (2016) 905–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1215064

  1. M. Eftekhari, G. Faraji, M. Bahrami, Processing of commercially pure copper tubes by hydrostatic tube cyclic extrusion–compression (HTCEC) as a new SPD method, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 21 (2021) 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00272-w.
  2. M.S. Mohebbi, A. Akbarzadeh, Accumulative spin-bonding (ASB) as a novel SPD process for fabrication of nanostructured tubes, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 528 (2010) 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEA.2010.08.081.

 

  1. M. Motallebi Savarabadi, G. Faraji, M. Eftekhari, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Commercially Pure Copper Tube After Processing by Hydrostatic Tube Cyclic Expansion Extrusion (HTCEE), Met. Mater. Int. 27 (2021)
  2. A. Hadadzadeh, M.A. Wells, S.K. Shaha, H. Jahed, B.W. Williams, Role of compression direction on recrystallization behavior and texture evolution during hot deformation of extruded ZK60 magnesium alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 702 (2017) 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2017.01.236.
  3. X.G. Fan, H. Yang, P.F. Gao, Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution in multistage hot working of TA15 titanium alloy: On the role of recrystallization, J. Mater. Sci. 46 (2011) 6018–6028. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10853-011-5564-Y/METRICS.
  4. S. Mandal, A.K. Bhaduri, V.S. Sarma, Role of twinning on dynamic recrystallization and microstructure during moderate to high strain rate hot deformation of a ti-modified austenitic stainless steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 43 (2012) 2056–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11661-011-1012-5/METRICS.
  5. H.J. McQueen, Dynamic Recovery and Recrystallization, Encycl. Mater. Sci. Technol. (2001) 2375–2381.
  6. L.N. Larikov, Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Met. (n.d.) 69–75.
  7. A. Belyakov, W. Gao, H. Miura, T. Sakai, Strain-Induced Grain Evolution in Polycrystalline Copper during Warm Deformation, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 29 (1998) 2957–2965.
  8. X. Gao, H. bin Wu, M. Liu, Y. xiang Zhang, X. dong Zhou, Dynamic Recovery and Recrystallization Behaviors of C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy Under Hot Deformation, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 29 (2020) 7678–7692.
  9. H. Zhang, J. Wang, Q. Chen, D. Shu, C. Wang, G. Chen, Z. Zhao, Study of dynamic recrystallization behavior of T2 copper in hot working conditions by experiments and cellular automaton method, J. Alloys Compd. 784 (2019) 1071–1083.
  10. S. Andiarwanto, H. Miura, T. Sakai, Dynamic Recrystallization at Triple Junction during High-Temperature Deformation in Copper Tricrystal, Mater. Sci. Forum. 408–412 (2002) 761–766.
  11. Y.H. Zhao, Y.T. Zhu, X.Z. Liao, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, Tailoring stacking fault energy for high ductility and high strength in ultrafine grained Cu and its alloy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006) 121906. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2356310.

23. Y.H. Zhao, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, Y.T. Zhu, Evolution of defect structures during cold rolling of ultrafine-grained Cu and Cu–Zn alloys: Influence of stacking fault energy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 474 (2008) 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEA.2007.06.014.

  • Receive Date 08 May 2023
  • Revise Date 09 October 2023
  • Accept Date 06 December 2023